Enhancing post-operative analgesia following spinal cord stimulation implant: a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of erector spinae plane block utilizing liposomal bupivacaine.

Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is an inter-fascial plane block that provides multi-dermatomal analgesia for treatment of acute pain and chronic neuropathic pain in the trunk. This retrospective case series describes a novel method of treating acute postoperative pain after spinal cord stimulation implant with erector spinae plane block using liposomal bupivacaine. Bilateral erector spinae plane block was administered at L1-L2 intervertebral level in 18 cases prior to performing spinal cord stimulation implant at one interspace above. This study reveals that the block provides effective analgesia as evidenced by low pain scores and less opioid consumption after surgery.

An international study to explore the feasibility of collecting standardised outcome data for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: recommendations for an international clinical research registry.

Introduction: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a persistent pain condition with low prevalence. Multi-centre collaborative research is needed to attain sufficient sample sizes for meaningful studies. This international observational study: (1) tested the feasibility and acceptability of collecting outcome data using an agreed core measurement set (2) tested and refined an electronic data management system to collect and manage the data. Methods: Adults with CRPS, meeting the Budapest diagnostic clinical criteria, were recruited to the study from 7 international research centres. After informed consent, a questionnaire comprising the core set outcome measures was completed: on paper at baseline (T1), and at 3 or 6 months (T2) using a paper or e-version. Participants and clinicians provided feedback on the data collection process. Clinicians completed the CRPS severity score at T1 and optionally, at T2. Ethical approval was obtained at each international centre. Results: Ninety-eight adults were recruited (female n=66; mean age 46.6 years, range 19-89), of whom 32% chose to receive the T2 questionnaire in an electronic format. Fifty-five participants completed both T1 and T2. Eighteen participants and nine clinicians provided feedback on their data collection experience. Conclusion: This study confirmed the questionnaire core outcome data are feasible and practicable to collect in clinical practice. The electronic data management system provided a robust means of collecting and managing the data across an international population. The findings have informed the final data collection tools and processes which will comprise the first international, clinical research registry and data bank for CRPS.

Meralgia Paresthetica.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review article summaries the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentations, and latest treatment modalities of meralgia paresthetica, including the latest data about peripheral and spinal cord stimulation therapy. Meralgia paresthetica (MP) causes burning, stinging, or numbness in the anterolateral part of the thigh, usually due to compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). RECENT FINDINGS: There are emerging data regarding the benefit of interventional pain procedures, including steroid injection and radiofrequency ablation, and other interventions including spinal cord and peripheral nerve stimulation reserved for refractory cases. The strength of evidence for treatment choices in meralgia paraesthetica is weak. Some observational studies are comparing local injection of corticosteroid versus surgical interventions. However, more extensive studies are needed regarding the long-term benefit of peripheral and spinal cord stimulation therapy.

Co-Presentation of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a Patient with Post-Dural Puncture Headache.

INTRODUCTION: Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is a well-known complication of neuraxial anesthesia, but the occurrence of seizures and vision loss within a few days after dural puncture could be alarming. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is associated with reversible edema and leukoencephalopathy in the posterior parieto-occipital cortex. We report the co-presentation of PRES and PDPH after labor epidural analgesia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 25-year-old multiparous African-American woman was admitted for evaluation of new-onset seizures and headache in the postpartum period. She had a recent history of multiple needle insertion attempts and inadvertent dural puncture during epidural analgesia for delivery. Soon after delivery, she was diagnosed with PDPH and was treated with an epidural blood patch, with no relief of symptoms. Six days later, she developed sudden-onset transient blindness, seizures, and altered sensorium, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed white matter changes suggestive of PRES. CONCLUSION: PRES is an uncommon complication of cerebrospinal fluid leak and intracranial hypotension. We report the occurrence of PRES in a patient with no known risk factors except a traumatic dural tap. Is it important to expand the differentials for headache after dural puncture to encompass PRES as a possibility, especially in patients with a delayed presentation of seizures and cortical blindness.

Combined Bipolar and V-Shaped Lesions for Lumbar Facet Radiofrequency Ablation: A Technical Report.

INTRODUCTION: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a demonstrated safe and effective treatment for chronic low back pain. RFA delivers high density electrical current near lumbar medial branch nerve. The success of RFA is contingent upon creating a lesion that overlaps the sensory nerve supplying the affected facet joint(s). Both bipolar-RFA and V-shaped active tip cannulas increase lesion size in experimental models. We describe successful application of concomitant bipolar and V-shaped lesions in a single patient with chronic low back pain caused by lumbar spondylosis. CASE PRESENTATION: An 81-year-old male with atrial fibrillation on chronic warfarin anticoagulation was previously treated with conventional monopolar lumbar facet RFA resulting in a 75% decrement in pain intensity exceeding eight months. Nine months after the procedure, his pain returned with similar pretreatment character and was unresponsive to additional physical therapy and acetaminophen. We elected to use a V-shaped cannula to maximize lesion diameter and lengthen intervals between anticoagulant abstinence to minimize the risk. Intraoperatively, a grounding-pad malfunction compelled us to convert to bipolar-RFA by placing a second adjacent V-shaped cannula, eliminating grounding-pad requirement. Bilateral bipolar medial branch RFA of L3-L4, L4-L5, L5-S1 nerves was performed between these two cannulas without further incident. The patient had sustained analgesia that lasted over twelve months resultant from treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We herein describe a technique of combined bipolar-RFA utilizing proximally adjacent V-shaped cannulas. Both bipolar and V-shaped cannulas create larger lesions in experiments. While both techniques purport theoretical advantages, the clinical superiority of a combined technique warrants continued clinical investigation.

Association of Pain With Atrial Fibrillation and Delirium After Cardiac Surgery: A DECADE Sub-Study.

OBJECTIVE: The authors aimed to evaluate the effects of postoperative pain on the incidence of atrial fibrillation and delirium in patients having surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). DESIGN: Post hoc analysis of the (An investigator-initiated, multicentre, double-blind trial (ClinicalTrials NCT02004613) (DECADE)), a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Tertiary, academic hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred five adults from the DECADE enrolled at Cleveland Clinic Main Campus, who had had surgery with CPB. INTERVENTIONS: Dexmedetomidine versus placebo started before surgical incision and postoperatively was maintained until 24 hours. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were atrial fibrillation, diagnosed by clinicians in the intensive care unit (ICU), presence of delirium assessed with the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU, data on pain scores, and opioid consumption, occurring between ICU admission and the earlier of postoperative day five or hospital discharge. RESULTS: Postoperative pain levels were similar among patients with or without atrial fibrillation. Two hundred six (34%) patients had atrial fibrillation and ninety-two (15%) had delirium before hospital discharge within the first five postoperative days. The risk of atrial fibrillation was not significantly different between groups (hazard ratio: 1.09; 97.5% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99, 1.20, p = 0.039); there were no associations between postoperative pain and the risk of postoperative delirium (hazard ratio: 0.96; 97.5% CI: 0.84-1.11; p = 0.57). Postoperative opioid consumption was neither significantly associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation nor delirium. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial fibrillation and delirium was not associated with pain after cardiac surgery. Opioid use was not associated with atrial fibrillation and delirium. Because both atrial fibrillation and delirium have a multifactorial nature, further studies should be focused on other plausible mechanisms.

Direct Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A 30-Year Review.

INTRODUCTION: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), formerly known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), is a difficult to treat condition characterized by debilitating pain and limitations in functional ability. Neuromodulation, in the form of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), have been traditionally used as a treatment for CRPS with variable success. OBJECTIVE: This chart review describes the use of implantable PNS systems in the treatment of CRPS of the upper and lower extremities spanning nearly three decades. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on 240 patients with PNS implanted between 1990 and 2017 at our institution. Of these, 165 patients were identified who had PNS systems implanted for a diagnosis of CRPS. Patient profile, including baseline characteristics, comorbidities, past/current interventions/medications and targeted nerves, was descriptively summarized through standard summary statistics. Patients' pain scores and opioid consumptions at baseline (preimplant), 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months were collected and compared. Device revisions and explants were summarized, and patient functional outcomes were described. RESULTS: Pain scores at baseline and at 12-month follow-up were decreased from a mean of 7.4 ± 1.6 to 5.5 ± 2.4 and estimated to be 1.87 (95% CI: [1.29, 2.46], paired t-test p-value <0.001) lower at 12 months. At baseline, 62% of patients were on chronic opioid therapy, compared with 41% at 12 months. Of 126 patients who reported changes in functional status, 64 (51%) reported improvement, 27 (21%) reported worsening, and 35 (28%) did not report any meaningful change. Excluding end-of-life battery replacements, surgical revision occurred in 56 (34%) of patients. Thirteen patients (8%) underwent implantation of a second PNS because of symptomatic expansion outside of the original painful region. Device explant was performed in 32 (19%) of patients. Median length of follow-up was 74 [14, 147] months. Of the 36 patients who continue to follow-up at our institution, 29 (81%) continue to use their PNS. CONCLUSIONS: We can conclude that PNS is a useful modality to improve function and reduce long-term pain in selected patients suffering from CRPS type I and type II.

Multimodal Analgesia for Perioperative Management of Patients presenting for Spinal Surgery.

Multimodal, non-opioid based analgesia has become the cornerstone of ERAS protocols for effective analgesia after spinal surgery. Opioid side effects, dependence and legislation restricting long term opioid use has led to a resurgence in interest in opioid sparing techniques. The increasing array of multimodal opioid sparing analgesics available for spinal surgery targeting novel receptors, transmitters, and altering epigenetics can help provide an optimal perioperative experience with less opioid side effects and long-term dependence. Epigenetic mechanisms of pain may enhance or suppress gene expression, without altering the genome itself. Such mechanisms are complex, dynamic and responsive to environment. Alterations that occur can affect the pathophysiology of pain management at a DNA level, modifying perceived pain relief. In this review, we provide a brief overview of epigenetics of pain, systemic local anesthetics and neuraxial techniques that continue to remain useful for spinal surgery, neuropathic agents, as well as other common and less common target receptors for a truly multimodal approach to perioperative pain management.

An assessment of the awareness of local anesthetic systemic toxicity among multi-specialty postgraduate residents.

Local anesthetics (LAs) are extensively used in clinical practice by both anesthesiologists and non-anesthesiologists and are often associated with systemic toxicity. We hypothesize that this awareness is inadequate among medical specialists and entails a risk of misdiagnosis and underreporting of such events. We therefore conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study to assess the level of understanding of LA use and effective management of systemic toxicity among 200 postgraduate residents of various specialties (with the exception of anesthesiology) in a tertiary care hospital in India from October to December 2013. Among those residents who had used LAs (193/200), 27 and 25 % of responders correctly identified the toxic doses of lidocaine and of lidocaine + adrenaline, respectively. Of the responders, 70 % always performed a negative aspiration of blood before injecting the drug, 27 % sometimes aspirated and the remaining 3 % never aspirated. The majority of the responders (93 %) were unaware of the toxic dose of bupivacaine. Only 70 % of responders believed that LAs could be toxic [95 % confidence interval (CI) 65.5-74.5 %], and 81 % of these correctly identified the signs and symptoms of cardiotoxicity. Only 2 % of responders knew that lipid emulsion is a part of its treatment (95 % CI 0.6-3.4 %). Based on these results, there is a definite need to increase the awareness of detection and treatment of local anesthetic toxicity among all medical practitioners who regularly use LAs.

Microbial quality of well water from rural and urban households in Karnataka, India: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of the well water used as a drinking source in urban and rural households. METHODS: A total of 80 household well water samples were analyzed by the multiple fermentation tube method to determine the presumptive coliform count/most probable number of coliforms, and the isolates were identified using standard procedures, followed by susceptibility testing. RESULTS: Fecal indicator organisms, including Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were isolated from 22 (27.5%) samples, and the majority (92.5%) of the water sources were contaminated with coliforms. A total of 170 bacterial isolates were obtained, including coliforms (70%), Enterococcus spp. (1.8%) and saprophytes (28.2%). A significant number of isolates were multi-drug resistant, which is a cause of concern. A comparison of the microbial quality of the water between urban and rural households revealed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: It might be prudent to monitor the bacteriological quality of well water at the source in addition to resistance profiles of the isolates.

A study on knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception among college students in Sikkim, India.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception among the college students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted in the Government College, Gangtok, Sikkim, during the month of April 2009 to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception among 156 students enrolled in the first year bachelor course. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. RESULTS: 98% (153/156) of the students had knowledge about family planning and 86% (134/156) of them had heard about contraceptives. Most of them knew about condoms (85%) and contraceptive pills (40%) but knowledge about permanent methods and Cu-T was poor (average 12%). Most students thought contraceptives were to be used to prevent unwanted pregnancy (35%) and for birth spacing (30%). 11% of students had used some form of contraceptive in the past and 7% were currently users. The most commonly used contraceptives were condoms, followed by combined use of OCP and condom. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the need to motivate the youth for effective and appropriate use of contraceptives when required and arrest the trend towards unwanted pregnancy.

Incidence and outcome of peripartum cardiomyopathy from a tertiary hospital in South India.

There is very little literature regarding peripartum cardiomyopathy (PCM) from Asian countries. A study of PCM was conducted at Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal, with special reference to incidence and outcome. The incidence of PCM was 1 case per 1374 live births. Major risk factors for the development of PCM were multiparity and advanced maternal age. Echocardiography is useful in early diagnosis and for follow-up assessment of left ventricular function. Most of the patients noticed good symptomatic improvement at time of discharge and during the follow-up with standard therapy. Clinical improvement was well correlated with improvement of LV function by echocardiography. Significant thrombotic complications were noticed. None of the patients died during the study and follow-up period.